This web session focuses on the aggregation of individual risks to the overall level of an insurance company. To achieve this, we apply both deterministic and stochastic copula-based approaches, along with key risk measures such as Value-at-Risk (VaR) and Expected Shortfall (ES). The outcome of this process is the capital requirement, which must be covered […]

In both life and general insurance, many predictive modelling tasks involve outcomes that occur infrequently—such as policy lapses, claims, or fraud. This leads to class imbalance, a situation where the target variable’s classes are not represented equally in the data, often with one class (e.g. policy lapse) being vastly outnumbered by the other. If not […]